Efficient Toilets: Save Water and Money (Ultimate Guide!)

Flush Away High Bills: The Ultimate Guide to Efficient Toilets

Water. It’s the lifeblood of our homes and the foundation of our planet. Yet, in an era marked by increasing environmental consciousness and fluctuating household budgets, the spotlight is turning towards often-overlooked aspects of our daily water usage. One of the most significant culprits? The humble toilet.

Rising water costs are no longer a distant threat; they’re a present-day reality for homeowners across the globe. Coupled with growing concerns about water scarcity, the financial burden of inefficient water usage demands attention. But there’s a practical, effective solution within reach: the efficient toilet.

This guide isn’t just about toilets; it’s about empowerment. It’s about taking control of your water bill, reducing your environmental footprint, and making informed decisions for a more sustainable future.

The Looming Water Crisis and Your Wallet

Water scarcity is no longer a futuristic concept confined to arid regions. It’s a burgeoning challenge affecting communities worldwide.

Dwindling freshwater resources, coupled with population growth and climate change, are placing unprecedented strain on our water infrastructure. This strain translates directly into higher water rates for homeowners, squeezing household budgets and demanding smarter solutions.

The impact of this crisis extends beyond mere inconvenience; it touches upon the very fabric of our economic and environmental well-being.

Efficient Toilets: A Tangible Solution

In the face of such daunting challenges, efficient toilets emerge as a beacon of hope. They offer a tangible, readily accessible way to address both the financial and environmental concerns associated with excessive water consumption.

Unlike grand infrastructural projects that require years of planning and implementation, upgrading to an efficient toilet is a simple yet impactful change that homeowners can make today.

These modern marvels of engineering use significantly less water per flush without sacrificing performance, delivering substantial savings without compromising comfort or convenience.

What This Guide Offers

This comprehensive guide is your roadmap to understanding and embracing the world of efficient toilets. We’ll delve into the mechanics behind their water-saving prowess, explore the diverse range of options available, and provide you with the knowledge you need to make an informed purchase.

From decoding gallons per flush (GPF) to navigating the WaterSense certification program, we’ll equip you with the tools to choose the perfect efficient toilet for your home.

Furthermore, we’ll provide expert advice on installation, maintenance, and maximizing your water savings. You’ll learn how to fine-tune your toilet’s performance, troubleshoot common issues, and even explore potential rebates and incentives that can further reduce your costs.

This guide is your one-stop resource for transforming your bathroom into a haven of water efficiency and cost savings. Prepare to flush away those high water bills and embrace a greener, more sustainable future, one efficient flush at a time.

The efficient toilet is more than just a fixture; it’s a crucial component in a world grappling with water scarcity and rising utility costs. Before diving into the savings and selection process, it’s essential to understand what truly defines an efficient toilet and how these models differ.

Decoding Efficient Toilets: What Makes Them Special?

In a world where water conservation is no longer optional but essential, the term "efficient toilet" has gained significant traction. But what exactly does it mean?

Essentially, an efficient toilet is any toilet designed to use significantly less water per flush than older, conventional models. These toilets represent a conscious effort to minimize water waste without sacrificing performance.

The Role of Efficient Toilets in Water Conservation is significant. By reducing the amount of water used with each flush, these toilets collectively contribute to substantial water savings across households and communities.

This, in turn, helps to alleviate pressure on water resources, reduce the strain on water treatment facilities, and lower overall water consumption.

High-Efficiency Toilets (HETs): The Gold Standard

High-Efficiency Toilets, often abbreviated as HETs, represent the gold standard in water conservation. These toilets are engineered to use 1.28 gallons per flush (GPF) or less, a significant reduction compared to the 1.6 GPF required by federal standards implemented in the 1990s.

HETs often incorporate advanced flushing technologies. These technologies ensure effective waste removal while minimizing water usage.

The key benefits of HETs include substantial water savings, reduced water bills, and a smaller environmental footprint.

Many HET models qualify for rebates and incentives. These rebates and incentives further reduce the initial cost of upgrading.

Low-Flow Toilets: An Accessible Solution

Low-flow toilets were among the first generation of water-efficient toilets. They use 1.6 gallons per flush (GPF), meeting the federal standard established in 1992.

While not as efficient as HETs, low-flow toilets still offer considerable water savings compared to older toilets that can use as much as 3.5 to 7 gallons per flush.

Low-flow toilets are a common and relatively inexpensive option for homeowners looking to reduce their water consumption without a major renovation.

They are widely available and can be easily installed as replacements for older, less efficient models.

Dual Flush Toilets: Customization for Conservation

Dual flush toilets offer a unique approach to water conservation by providing two flushing options: a full flush for solid waste and a half flush for liquid waste.

This allows users to customize their water usage based on the flushing need. The full flush typically uses 1.6 GPF, while the half flush uses as little as 0.8 GPF.

Dual flush toilets can significantly reduce water consumption, especially in households where the half flush option is frequently used.

These toilets are an innovative and effective way to promote water conservation without compromising flushing performance.

Understanding Gallons Per Flush (GPF): The Key Metric

Gallons Per Flush, or GPF, is the standard metric used to measure a toilet’s water consumption. It indicates the amount of water, in gallons, required for a single flush. Understanding GPF is crucial when evaluating the efficiency of different toilet models.

• Older Toilets: Pre-1980s toilets often used 3.5 to 7 GPF.
• Standard Toilets (1990s): Federal standards mandated 1.6 GPF.
• Low-Flow Toilets: Meet the 1.6 GPF standard.
• High-Efficiency Toilets (HETs): Use 1.28 GPF or less.
• Dual Flush Toilets: Offer both 1.6 GPF (full flush) and a reduced GPF (half flush).

When shopping for a new toilet, always check the GPF rating to ensure you are selecting a water-efficient model.

Lower GPF values indicate greater water savings and a more environmentally friendly choice.

The savings on water bills make a compelling case, but the advantages extend far beyond just dollars and cents. Let’s delve into the wide-ranging ripple effect of upgrading to efficient toilets, exploring the financial, environmental, and even property value benefits they unlock.

The Ripple Effect: Unpacking the Benefits of Efficient Toilets

The move to efficient toilets creates benefits that extend well beyond just lower utility bills. These modern fixtures trigger a cascade of positive effects, influencing household finances, environmental health, and even potentially boosting property values. Let’s break down this compelling ripple effect.

Wallet-Friendly Flushing: Quantifying the Savings

One of the most immediate and noticeable benefits of efficient toilets is the significant reduction in water bills. Traditional toilets can use as much as 3.5 gallons per flush (GPF), while older models might even guzzle 5 to 7 GPF. High-efficiency toilets (HETs), on the other hand, use just 1.28 GPF or less.

This seemingly small difference adds up to substantial savings over time.

Consider a household with four people, each flushing the toilet an average of five times per day.

Switching from a 3.5 GPF toilet to a 1.28 GPF HET could save thousands of gallons of water per year.

To put this into perspective, let’s look at a concrete example. Suppose a household is currently paying $5 per 1,000 gallons of water.

By switching to an HET, they could save around $50-$100 per year, per toilet, depending on their usage.

These savings compound over the lifespan of the toilet, resulting in a significant return on investment.
Many utilities also offer rebates on water-efficient appliances, further reducing the upfront cost and accelerating the payback period.

A Greener Flush: Environmental Responsibility

Beyond the financial benefits, efficient toilets play a crucial role in water conservation and environmental sustainability.

Water is a precious resource, and in many regions, it is becoming increasingly scarce. By reducing the amount of water used with each flush, efficient toilets help to alleviate pressure on water resources. This is especially critical in areas facing drought or water shortages.

Furthermore, less water consumption translates to reduced energy consumption. Water treatment and distribution require significant energy, so by using less water, we also reduce our carbon footprint.

Efficient toilets also minimize the strain on wastewater treatment facilities. These facilities are often overwhelmed, and by reducing the volume of wastewater, efficient toilets help to improve their efficiency and reduce the risk of overflows and pollution.

Choosing an efficient toilet is a tangible way to contribute to a more sustainable future and demonstrate environmental responsibility.

Boosting Home Value: A Modern Upgrade

While not always top of mind, installing efficient toilets can also potentially increase your home’s value. As sustainability becomes a more prominent concern for homebuyers, features like water-efficient fixtures are increasingly seen as desirable assets.

Modern, updated bathrooms are a key selling point for many homes, and efficient toilets can contribute to this overall appeal.

Potential buyers recognize the long-term cost savings and environmental benefits associated with these fixtures.

Moreover, installing efficient toilets demonstrates a commitment to responsible homeownership, which can resonate positively with buyers. While the increase in home value may vary depending on location and market conditions, upgrading to efficient toilets can be a smart investment that pays off in more ways than one.

The financial and environmental advantages of efficient toilets are undeniable. But navigating the sheer variety of models and features can feel overwhelming. How do you ensure you’re choosing a toilet that not only saves water but also performs reliably and fits seamlessly into your bathroom?

Choosing Wisely: Selecting the Perfect Efficient Toilet for Your Home

Selecting the right efficient toilet involves more than just picking the cheapest or the prettiest option. It requires careful consideration of performance metrics, brand reputation, and personal preferences. By understanding these factors, you can make an informed decision that leads to years of water savings and reliable operation.

Understanding MaP Testing (Maximum Performance)

The Maximum Performance (MaP) testing program offers a standardized way to evaluate a toilet’s flushing power. MaP tests measure how many grams of solid waste a toilet can effectively flush in a single flush.

This is a crucial metric, as a low MaP score can indicate a toilet that requires multiple flushes, negating any potential water savings.

Look for toilets with a high MaP score (ideally 600 grams or more) to ensure reliable performance and prevent clogs. While MaP testing isn’t universally available for every toilet model, it’s a valuable resource when available.

Reputable Brands: A Starting Point for Quality

Choosing a toilet from a reputable brand can provide peace of mind regarding quality and reliability. Here are a few well-regarded manufacturers to consider:

• American Standard: Known for its durable and affordable options, American Standard offers a wide range of toilets suitable for various budgets and styles. Their Champion series is particularly recognized for its powerful flushing performance.

• Kohler: Kohler is a leader in the plumbing industry, offering stylish and innovative toilet designs. They are well-known for combining aesthetics with performance.

• TOTO: TOTO is renowned for its high-end, technologically advanced toilets. They are a top choice for those seeking the best in flushing performance, water efficiency, and innovative features.

While these brands are a great starting point, remember to research specific models and read reviews to ensure they meet your individual needs.

Matching Style and Needs: Finding Your Perfect Fit

Selecting a toilet that complements your bathroom’s style is equally important. Consider the overall aesthetic of your bathroom and choose a toilet with a design that enhances the space.

Beyond aesthetics, factor in your specific needs:

• Consider the user’s height and mobility. Comfort height toilets (also known as chair height) are generally taller and more accessible for individuals with mobility issues.

• Determine if a one-piece or two-piece toilet is the right fit. One-piece toilets are easier to clean and have a more modern look, while two-piece toilets are typically more affordable.

Key Features to Consider

Several features can impact your satisfaction with your new toilet:

• Bowl Shape:

  • Round bowls are more compact and suitable for smaller bathrooms.
  • Elongated bowls offer more seating space and are generally considered more comfortable.

• Toilet Height: Standard height toilets are typically around 15 inches tall, while comfort height toilets are around 17-19 inches tall.

• Flushing Technology:

  • Gravity-fed toilets rely on the force of gravity to flush waste.
  • Pressure-assisted toilets use compressed air to create a more powerful flush. Dual-flush toilets offer the option of a partial flush for liquid waste and a full flush for solid waste, maximizing water savings.

By carefully considering these factors, you can confidently select an efficient toilet that meets your needs, complements your style, and delivers years of reliable performance.

The financial and environmental advantages of efficient toilets are undeniable. But navigating the sheer variety of models and features can feel overwhelming. How do you ensure you’re choosing a toilet that not only saves water but also performs reliably and fits seamlessly into your bathroom?

The WaterSense Advantage: Certified Savings and Performance

The quest for a truly water-efficient toilet doesn’t need to feel like a gamble. Fortunately, there’s a reliable guide to help you make the right choice: the WaterSense program.

This EPA initiative offers a clear pathway to identifying toilets that not only conserve water but also deliver exceptional performance. Understanding WaterSense is crucial for anyone serious about reducing their water footprint and ensuring a consistently effective flush.

What is the WaterSense Program?

WaterSense is a program established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to promote water efficiency and reduce water consumption across the nation.

It achieves this by setting performance standards for various water-using products, including toilets.

The core purpose is to help consumers easily identify products that meet specific criteria for both water efficiency and performance.

This initiative ensures that you’re not just saving water but also getting a product that functions effectively.

WaterSense: Efficiency and Performance Hand-in-Hand

Unlike some earlier low-flow models that sacrificed flushing power for water savings, WaterSense-certified toilets are rigorously tested to ensure they meet strict performance standards.

This means you don’t have to compromise on flushing capability to conserve water.

The certification process involves independent testing to verify that toilets use no more than 1.28 gallons per flush (GPF) while still effectively removing solid waste.

This dual focus on efficiency and performance is what sets WaterSense apart.

It provides consumers with confidence that they are choosing a toilet that will perform reliably while minimizing water usage.

Spotting the WaterSense Label

Identifying a WaterSense-certified toilet is straightforward. Look for the WaterSense label – a distinctive logo featuring a stylized water droplet – prominently displayed on the toilet itself or its packaging.

This label signifies that the product has been independently certified to meet the EPA’s water efficiency and performance criteria.

When shopping online, check the product specifications for mention of WaterSense certification.

Pay close attention to model numbers and descriptions to confirm that the toilet carries the official WaterSense label.

Don’t hesitate to ask sales representatives for verification if you’re unsure.

Choosing a WaterSense-labeled toilet is a simple yet powerful way to make an informed and environmentally responsible decision.

Installation and Upkeep: A Smooth Transition to Water Savings

The decision to embrace a water-efficient toilet is a significant step towards sustainability. However, the journey doesn’t end with the purchase. Proper installation and consistent upkeep are crucial to unlock the full potential of your new fixture and ensure years of reliable, water-saving performance.

DIY or Call a Pro? Weighing Your Options

Embarking on a DIY toilet installation can be tempting, especially for seasoned homeowners comfortable with basic plumbing tasks. However, it’s essential to realistically assess your skills and the complexity of the job.

Factors to consider include your previous plumbing experience, the tools you have available, and the age and condition of your existing plumbing. A seemingly simple installation can quickly turn into a costly headache if not handled correctly.

When DIY Might Be Feasible:

• You have successfully completed similar plumbing projects before.
• The existing plumbing is in good condition and easily accessible.
• You have all the necessary tools and a clear understanding of the installation process.

When Hiring a Professional is Recommended:

• You have limited or no plumbing experience.
• The existing plumbing is old, corroded, or requires modification.
• You are unsure about any step of the installation process.
• You encounter unexpected issues during the installation.
• Your local building codes require professional installation for plumbing fixtures.

Remember, improper installation can lead to leaks, property damage, and voided warranties. Investing in a qualified plumbing professional ensures the job is done right, providing peace of mind and protecting your investment.

Basic Installation Steps: A Simplified Overview

While professional installation is often recommended, understanding the basic steps involved can help you appreciate the process and communicate effectively with your plumber. The following is a highly simplified overview and should not be used as a substitute for professional guidance.

1. Preparation: Turn off the water supply to the old toilet. Flush the toilet to remove as much water as possible. Disconnect the water supply line and detach the toilet from the floor.

2. Removing the Old Toilet: Carefully remove the old toilet, being mindful of any remaining water. Clean the flange area and inspect for damage.

3. Installing the New Wax Ring: Position a new wax ring around the waste flange on the floor. This creates a watertight seal between the toilet and the drainpipe.

4. Setting the New Toilet: Carefully lower the new toilet onto the wax ring, aligning the bolt holes.

5. Securing the Toilet: Secure the toilet to the floor with bolts and washers. Tighten the bolts evenly, being careful not to overtighten and crack the porcelain.

6. Connecting the Water Supply: Connect the water supply line to the toilet fill valve.

7. Testing for Leaks: Turn the water supply back on and check for leaks around the base of the toilet and the water supply connections.

Important Disclaimer: These steps are a highly simplified overview and are for informational purposes only. Attempting to install a toilet without proper knowledge and experience can result in serious plumbing problems and potential property damage. Always consult with a qualified plumbing professional before attempting any plumbing work.

Essential Maintenance Tips: Keeping Your Toilet Efficient

Regular maintenance is crucial to prolong the lifespan of your efficient toilet and prevent common issues. A few simple steps can save you money and prevent costly repairs down the line.

• Regular Cleaning: Clean your toilet regularly with a non-abrasive cleaner to prevent mineral buildup and stains.

• Check for Leaks: Periodically check for leaks around the base of the toilet, the water supply connections, and the fill valve. Even small leaks can waste significant amounts of water over time.

• Flush Wisely: Avoid flushing items that can clog the toilet, such as feminine hygiene products, diapers, and excessive amounts of toilet paper.

• Inspect the Flapper: Check the flapper valve (the rubber seal inside the tank) regularly for wear and tear. A worn flapper can cause a silent leak, wasting water continuously.

• Clean the Fill Valve: Mineral buildup can affect the performance of the fill valve. Clean the fill valve periodically to ensure proper water flow.

Troubleshooting Common Problems: Addressing Minor Issues

Even with regular maintenance, problems can occasionally arise. Knowing how to troubleshoot common issues can save you time and money.

• Toilet Runs Constantly: This is often caused by a faulty flapper valve or a malfunctioning fill valve. Replace the flapper or clean/replace the fill valve as needed.

• Weak Flush: A weak flush can be caused by low water level in the tank, a clogged rim jets (the holes under the rim of the bowl), or a partial blockage in the drain. Adjust the water level, clean the rim jets, or use a plunger to clear any blockages.

• Toilet Clogs Frequently: Ensure that you are not flushing inappropriate items. Use a plunger to clear minor clogs. For persistent clogs, consider using a toilet auger or calling a plumber.

• Leaking at the Base: This often indicates a problem with the wax ring. The toilet will need to be removed, the old wax ring replaced, and the toilet reinstalled.

While some minor issues can be addressed with DIY solutions, it’s important to recognize when a problem requires professional attention. Don’t hesitate to call a plumber for complex repairs or if you are unsure about any troubleshooting steps.

By understanding the installation process and implementing a consistent maintenance routine, you can ensure that your efficient toilet delivers years of reliable water savings and contributes to a more sustainable future.

Installation and upkeep are the cornerstones of a water-efficient toilet’s lifespan, but optimizing its performance requires a more nuanced approach. It’s about going beyond the initial setup and actively engaging with your toilet to ensure it operates at peak efficiency, minimizing water waste and maximizing your savings.

Maximizing Your Savings: Fine-Tuning for Optimal Water Usage

While installing an efficient toilet is a great start, truly maximizing your water savings involves understanding how to fine-tune its operation and cultivate mindful usage habits. It’s about actively engaging with your plumbing fixtures and empowering your household to participate in water conservation.

Mastering the Dual Flush

Dual flush toilets offer a significant advantage: the ability to choose between a full and a partial flush. However, many users default to the full flush out of habit, negating the potential savings.

Understanding the difference between the two options and consciously selecting the appropriate flush for the task is crucial.

A half-flush is typically sufficient for liquid waste and saves a considerable amount of water over time.

Adjusting Flush Volume

Some dual flush models allow you to further adjust the water volume of each flush. Consult your toilet’s manual for instructions on how to modify these settings.

Experiment with slightly reducing the full flush volume to find the optimal balance between water conservation and effective waste removal. Be cautious not to reduce the volume too much, as this could lead to clogs.

The Silent Thief: Addressing Leaks Promptly

Even the smallest toilet leak can waste a significant amount of water over time, negating the benefits of an efficient toilet. A constantly running toilet can waste hundreds of gallons of water per month, leading to a surprisingly high water bill.

Regularly inspect your toilet for leaks.

Simple Leak Detection

A common method for detecting leaks is the dye tablet test. Drop a dye tablet (available at most hardware stores) into the toilet tank and wait 15-20 minutes.

If colored water appears in the bowl without flushing, you have a leak.

Common Culprits and Solutions

• Flapper issues: A worn or misaligned flapper is a frequent cause of leaks. Replacing the flapper is a relatively inexpensive and straightforward DIY repair.
• Fill valve problems: A malfunctioning fill valve can also cause the toilet to run continuously. Replacing the fill valve is another manageable DIY project for many homeowners.
• Loose Connections: Check all connections to ensure tightness and absence of drips.

Addressing leaks promptly, even seemingly minor ones, is essential for maintaining water efficiency and preventing unnecessary expenses.

Cultivating a Water-Conscious Household

Ultimately, water conservation is a team effort. Educating all members of your household about efficient water usage practices is paramount.

Leading by Example

Be a role model by consistently using the half-flush option on your dual flush toilet when appropriate and by promptly reporting any leaks or plumbing issues.

Open Communication

Have open conversations with your family about the importance of water conservation and the simple steps they can take to make a difference.

Practical Tips

• Remind everyone to avoid using the toilet as a wastebasket. Flushing tissues and other unnecessary items wastes water and can lead to clogs.
• Encourage shorter showers and turning off the tap while brushing teeth.
• Explain the financial and environmental benefits of water conservation.

By fostering a culture of water awareness within your home, you can amplify the impact of your efficient toilet and significantly reduce your overall water consumption.

Installation and upkeep are the cornerstones of a water-efficient toilet’s lifespan, but optimizing its performance requires a more nuanced approach. It’s about going beyond the initial setup and actively engaging with your toilet to ensure it operates at peak efficiency, minimizing water waste and maximizing your savings.

Cash Back for Conservation: Exploring Rebates and Incentives

Upgrading to a water-efficient toilet is not just an environmentally conscious decision; it can also be a financially savvy one. Many local governments and water utilities offer rebates and incentives to encourage residents to adopt water conservation measures. These programs provide a valuable opportunity to offset the initial cost of a new toilet, accelerating your return on investment and making water conservation even more appealing.

The Landscape of Rebates and Incentives

The types of financial assistance available vary significantly depending on your location. Generally, rebates come in two primary forms:

• Direct rebates: A fixed amount of money is returned to you after purchasing and installing a qualifying water-efficient toilet.
• Voucher programs: Provide a discount on the purchase price of a toilet from participating retailers.

Beyond these, some utilities may offer additional incentives such as free water audits to identify areas for improvement or low-interest loans for larger water-saving projects.

Finding Rebates in Your Area: A Step-by-Step Guide

Uncovering these valuable rebates requires some diligent research. Here’s a structured approach to guide your search:

1. Start with your local water utility: This is often the most direct route to uncovering available programs. Visit their website or call their customer service line to inquire about water conservation rebates. Look for sections related to "conservation," "sustainability," or "rebates."
2. Check your municipal or county government website: Local governments frequently partner with utilities to offer rebates. Their websites may have dedicated pages for environmental programs or list available rebates under "public works" or "sustainability" departments.
3. Explore state-level environmental agencies: Some states offer broader water conservation initiatives that include rebates on efficient appliances. Search for your state’s environmental protection agency or department of natural resources.
4. Use online rebate finders: Websites such as the EPA’s WaterSense partner search or databases maintained by environmental organizations can help you identify rebates based on your zip code.
5. Contact plumbing retailers and contractors: Some retailers and contractors are familiar with local rebate programs and can provide information or even assist with the application process.

Navigating the Application Process

Once you’ve identified a rebate program, carefully review the eligibility requirements and application procedures. Common requirements include:

• Toilet specifications: The toilet must meet specific WaterSense criteria or have a maximum GPF rating.
• Proof of purchase: You’ll typically need to submit a copy of your sales receipt.
• Installation verification: Some programs require professional installation and proof thereof.
• Pre-approval: Certain rebates may require pre-approval before you purchase the toilet.
• Residency: You must be a resident of the area covered by the program.

Pay close attention to deadlines and required documentation to ensure your application is processed smoothly.

Calculating Your Potential Savings

Beyond the immediate rebate, it’s important to understand the long-term financial benefits of switching to an efficient toilet. Consider these factors:

• Rebate amount: This is the immediate cash back you’ll receive.
• Water bill savings: Estimate your annual water savings based on the difference between your old toilet’s GPF and the new toilet’s GPF, multiplied by your average flush frequency. Use your water bill to track your current average water usage.
• Sewer bill savings: In some areas, sewer charges are based on water consumption, so reducing water usage also lowers your sewer bill.
• Lifespan of the toilet: Consider the long-term cumulative savings over the expected lifespan of the toilet.

Online water savings calculators, often provided by water utilities, can assist you in estimating these savings based on your specific circumstances.

By taking advantage of available rebates and incentives, you can make the transition to a water-efficient toilet even more affordable, accelerating your return on investment and contributing to a more sustainable future.

So, that’s the lowdown on efficient toilets! We hope this guide helps you make a smart choice. Happy flushing (efficiently, of course!)